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What does Entropy have to do with the Sun and Nuclear Fusion?

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Scott Douglass

What does Entropy have to do with the Sun and Nuclear Fusion?

by Mathias Hüfner

Abstract: The text develops its own structure-based understanding of entropy as an ordering relation and connects it to questions of solar physics and nuclear fusion. The argument proceeds in three main steps: the redefinition of entropy via structural changes, the modeling of entropy changes through the decomposition or formation of building blocks, and the application of these ideas to the sun and the question of how nuclear fusion becomes possible.

Introduction: These days, there’s a lot of talk about matter, antimatter, and other related concepts without a clear understanding of their meaning. The idea that matter, philosophically speaking, encompasses everything that can be experienced outside of our consciousness, isn’t really grasped, because then one would conclude that the concept of antimatter can only exist in our consciousness as something we’ve thought about, not in reality.

Matter can be perceived in four different states: solid, liquid, gaseous, and luminous. These states are generally clearly distinguishable from one another and can be perceived as structures by a scaled matrix with differently colored cells. These cells represent the properties of micro-states of a partial volume of matter. The term “field” is also frequently used to describe a surface structure. We describe matter by linking its properties to concepts. This link is called a relation.

Descriptions are therefore relative, and the science that deals with the fundamental properties to Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. However, the fundamental relation consists of a numerical value and a physical unit. The mathematization of physics has led to it rarely dealing with structural properties, but mostly only with quantities and their equality.

The question for physics, therefore, is: Can the degree of order be quantitatively described by an order relation? Doesn’t an order relation also depend on the objects and the criteria by which one wants to order?

The decisive criterion is the perceived difference between two entities. Differences can be counted. Ludwig Boltzmann and Claude Shannon provided different answers to this question by clarifying the concept of entropy, because entropy is more than diffuse disorder or the macroscopic ratio of heat quantity to temperature. Entropy is an order relation with respect to space and time.

However, unlike the quantities of physics, entropy lacks a standard comparable to mass with which it can be quantitatively measured. A structure is recognized by its boundaries. There, the state of matter changes. Boltzmann already had micro-states in mind when he formulated his structural formula. Based on changes in properties or micro-states, Shannon defined information in units of binary digits (bits). In contrast, in computer science, information scaling is specified in bits. This can easily lead to confusion.

Click below to download Dr. Hüfner’s entire 14-page paper as a PDF document…

Mathias Hüfner – “What does Entropy have to do with the Sun and Nuclear Fusion?”

Dr. Mathias Hüfner is a German translator volunteer for The Thunderbolts Project. He studied physics from 1964 until 1970 in Leipzig Germany, specializing in analytical measurement technology for radioactive isotopes. He then worked at Carl Zeiss Jena until 1978 on the development of laser microscope spectral analysis. There he was responsible for software development for the evaluation of the spectral data. Later he did his doctorate at the Friedrich Schiller University in the field of engineering and worked there 15 years as a scientific assistant. Some years after the change in East Germany, he worked as a freelance computer science teacher the last few years before his retirement.