The ELECTRIC SUN has three distinct plasma parts;
Photosphere, Chromosphere, and Corona.
There are other parts to our solar system, but for now
I'll focus on the sun itself.
It seems obvious, to me, that the chromosphere by its nature as a Double Layer (DL) of plasma,
separates the photosphere from the corona.
Dr. Scott, page 91, The Electric Sky:
"The high-voltage plasma in the photosphere is separated
from the low-voltage plasma of the lower corona by the chromosphere.....It contains a plasma double layer(DL)"
THE INNER PLASMA
He (Scott) goes on to describe what is happening to the plasma below the chromosphere:
The high voltage photosphere acts LIKE an anode, ....operating in the ARC mode at about 5800Kelvin.
The granules are anode tufts that block all but the highest energy Ions.
The tufts also trap electrons causing the tufts to weaken and recede.
The tufts are immediately replaced---"remember the lifelike ability of plasma to sustain itself."
THE OUTER PLASMA:
From Scott again:
The chromosphere has the lowest temperatures near it's bottom (about 4000 kelvin) and also begins the transition to much higher temperatures
(about 2 million kelvin) into the lower corona. The corona plasma operates in glow mode, and has a high ion density in the lower corona.
[some sources indicate a TRANSITION Zone of only about 60 miles thick.
It is unclear to me if this is in the top of the chromosphere or has become a new separate zone.]
In my view the bottom of the corona is an area where a large amount of plasma is prevented to further enter toward the photosphere.
Similar to the top of the granules of the sun, the chromosphere DL rebuffs plasma back out within the corona.
This ,I think, happens IN ADDITION to positive ions leaving the sun.
[Scott p, 93] "Because of their high kinetic energy, any collisions they have at this point are violent and create high amplitude random motions thereby "re-thermalizing" these ions to a much higher temperature."
AND, there seems to be a connection between the photosphere granules and the "magnetic flux tubes"
that make up the solar wind.
From page 5 of this paper by Antonella Greco,
https://lesia.obspm.fr/turbu/talks/Grec ... _turbu.pdf
Turbulent cascade in the solar wind:
anisotropy and dissipation
18/09/2012, Meudon Observatory
A sketch of the flux tube texture of the solar-wind plasma. Each flux tube contains a
different plasma and the flux tubes move independently. An end view (right) depicts
the cross sections of the network of tubes. The scale sizes of the flux tubes correspond
to the scale sizes of granules on the solar surface. (From Borovsky, 2008)
I suggest there are inductive connections between the granules and the bottoms, or beginnings of the
solar wind flux tubes, originating at the lowest part of the corona. With the sun there is always more complexity to find
All this solar structure happens due to the ability of plasma in space to self organize, and especially to self organize into a sun.
It is said that plasma will collect on the surface of a foreign body in space to isolate it from the plasma.
I take that another step and say plasma collects onto a foreign body to anchor itself onto that body.
I think the chromosphere DL is the anchoring mechanism of the solar plasma, and therefore perhaps the most important
part of our sun for further study.
As the WEBB telescope becomes more operational I look forward to more discoveries about other suns and their structures.
Jack