Graphene Studies

[seasmith]

This artist's rendition illustrates the electron energy levels in graphene as revealed by a unique NIST instrument. Because of graphene’s properties, an electron in any given energy level (the wide, purple band) comprises four quantum states (the four rings), called a “quartet.” This quartet of levels split into different energies when immersed in a magnetic field. The two smaller bands on the outermost ring represent the further splitting of a graphene electronic state. (Image: Kelly Talbott/NIST)

electrons in graphene act as if they have no mass and are almost 100 times more mobile than in silicon. Also, the speed with which electrons move through graphene is not related to their energy, unlike materials such as silicon where more voltage must be applied to increase their speed, which creates heat that is detrimental to most applications.

... with an unprecedented combination of low temperature (as low as 10 mK, or 10 thousandths of a degree above absolute zero), ultrahigh vacuum and high magnetic field. In the first measurements made with this instrument, the team has used its power to resolve the finest differences in the electron energies in graphene, atom-by-atom.
... an electron in any given energy level populates four possible sublevels, called a "quartet." Theorists have predicted that this quartet of levels would split into different energies when immersed in a magnetic field, but until recently there had not been an instrument sensitive enough to resolve these differences.
... according to Stroscio, appears to be a many-body effect, in which electrons interact strongly with one another in ways that affect their energy levels.

One possible explanation for this behavior is that the electrons have formed a condensate — they cease moving independently of one another and act as a single coordinated unit.

http://www.nist.gov/index.html


'B-photon' emissions retarded by cooling and "many-body" movement entrained by magnetic flux ?

~

[KaylaF]

They say that it's the stongest! I am truly glad for the discovery of graphene. I hope scientists will find good use of this substance soon. Graphene is a recently found substance that is thinner, stronger and more conductive to electricity and heat than anything else known. The discovery of graphene earned the $1.4 million 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for two Russian physicists conducting analysis in England. Graphene’s unique qualities have captivated researchers across the globe who are seeking quantum leaps in technological innovation that could impact life on Earth in profound ways.

[seasmith]

Mass Can Be 'Created' Inside Graphene, Say Physicists

One of the most exciting new ideas in solid state physics is that graphene can act as a laboratory for studying exotic relativistic physics. It turns out that the electronic properties of graphene can be tuned so that the movement of electrons and holes through the structure at speeds of 10^6 m/s is mathematically equivalent to the behaviour of electrons travelling in a vacuum close to the speed of light.

... in the past, the relativistic behaviour of electrons was only accessible to physicists with a high energy particle accelerator in their yard. Now any laboratory equipped with carbon, electricity and wires can do it.

One idea is that mass arises because the universe has extra, space-like dimensions that exist only on the tiniest scales. Physicists say these dimensions are compactified.

~ They may, in typical QED obscurist techno-jargon, be referring to the evanescent phase of the Aetheric Circuit ...

So how do you compactify space-like dimensions in graphene? Simple, you roll it up. This changes the sheet into a tube that is effectively 1-dimensional, at least as far as the electrons and holes are concerned.

http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/ar ... ?nlid=3670

[seasmith]

Ultrafast imaging of electron waves in graphene

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol33 ... 0920s1.mov

The experiments were carried out at the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois and the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.

Coulomb Repulsion appears to be significantly diminished in a quasi-two-dimensional atomic matrix.

Given recent T'bolts discussions re EM emission fields, it seems a reasonable scenario.

~ Polar attenuation, or supression, may then promote planar expansion, on a multi-scalar spectrum,
ie: atomic, solar, galaxial, ego-temporal and etc.

The researchers found that graphene screens Coulomb interactions surprisingly effectively, causing it to act like a simple, independent-electron semimetal. Their work explains several mysteries, including why freestanding graphene fails to become an insulator as predicted. The study also demonstrates a new approach to studying ultrafast dynamics, creating a new window on the most fundamental properties of materials.

http://physics.illinois.edu/news/story.asp?id=1168

[seasmith]

Carbon nanotubes could be ideal optical antennae

The researchers used the Rayleigh scattering of light -- the same phenomenon that creates the blue sky -- from carbon nanotubes grown in the lab. They found that while the propagation of light scattering is mostly classical and macroscopic, the color and intensity of the scattered radiation is determined by intrinsic quantum properties.
[photon spin rsonances?]
In other words, the nanotubes' simple carbon-carbon bonded molecular structure determined how they scattered light, independent of their shape, which differs from the properties of today's metallic nanoscale optical structures

Rayleigh scattering is a function of the electric polarizability of the particles.

[Wiki]

Electric light

They found that the nanotubes' light transmission behaved as a scaled-down version of radio-frequency antennae found in walkie-talkies, except that they interact with light instead of radio waves. The principles that govern the interactions between light and the carbon nanotube are the same as between the radio antenna and the radio signal

Source: Cornell University
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=195 ... oo%21+Mail

[seasmith]

Electrons are thought to spin, even though they are pure point particles with no surface that can possibly rotate. Recent work on graphene shows that the electron's spin might arise because space at very small distances is not smooth, but rather segmented like a chessboard.

In 1928, British physicist Paul Dirac showed that the spin of the electron is intimately related to the structure of space-time. His elegant argument combined quantum mechanics with special relativity, Einstein's theory of space-time (famously represented by the equation E=mc2).
Dirac's equation, far from merely accommodating spin, actually demands it. But while showing that relativistic quantum mechanics requires spin, the equation does not give a mechanical picture explaining how a point particle manages to carry angular momentum, nor why this spin is two-valued.

An electron in graphene hops from carbon atom to carbon atom as if moving on a chessboard with triangular tiles. At low energies the individual tiles are unresolved, but the electron acquires an "internal" spin quantum number which reflects whether it is on the blue or the gold tiles. Thus the electron's spin could arise not from rotational motion of its substructure, but rather from the discrete, chessboard-like structure of space.

fwiw


http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v106/i11/e116803



http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=206 ... oo%21+Mail

[seasmith]

Self-cooling observed in graphene electronics

"In silicon and most materials, the electronic heating is much larger than the self-cooling," King said. "However, we found that in these graphene transistors, there are regions where the thermoelectric cooling can be larger than the resistive heating, which allows these devices to cool themselves. This self-cooling has not previously been seen for graphene devices."

This self-cooling effect means that graphene-based electronics could require little or no cooling, begetting an even greater energy efficiency and increasing graphene's attractiveness as a silicon replacement.

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ ... 033111.php

[Jarvamundo]

"This self-cooling has not previously been seen for graphene devices"

Does this mean, "this cooling", is found in other materials? Does anyone know if "this cooling" is referring to any known physical mechanism / science? or are they flat out saying they've found anomalies to our conservation laws? or super-conduction type effects?

lil curious? help?

Thanks for all this 'sea, fascinating.

[seasmith]

Jarvo,

Here's a 2008 PDF on the principle of Peltier 'self-cooling' by use of flowing current.

http://kamome.lib.ynu.ac.jp/dspace/bits ... MS-862.pdf


An some phase level, 'thermal' and 'charge' flow should coincide, within the aetheric cycle...

s

[Jarvamundo]

So it seems Graphene natively performs peltier like effects without doping? fascinating.

[Solar]

Jarvo,

Here's a 2008 PDF on the principle of Peltier 'self-cooling' by use of flowing current.

http://kamome.lib.ynu.ac.jp/dspace/bits ... MS-862.pdf


An some phase level, 'thermal' and 'charge' flow should coincide, within the aetheric cycle...

s

Nice find Seasmith. I also find your earlier assessment of the "relativistic" BS to be on point as well. It's not called "self current" in the paper for no reason.

This Peltier Effect has been linked with "Cold Electricity" or "Negative Electricity" i.e. the "holes" mentioned in an earlier reference ala Dirac's "sea of negative energy" and "Hole Theory", also referred to as "negative entropy."

This is the 'other electricity' or 'other' form of "charge" (if not that which induces the quality called "charge" itself) that can be facilitated through the spark gap via resonantly tuned circuits and begets the 'Self-Generating Discharge' with COP >1 as discovered by Alexander Chernetski, Edwin Gray, T. Henry Moray and a few others as initiated by the work of Tesla.

Research:

Cold electricity lighting a bulb (search this on YouTube)
Exothermic and Endothermic Electric Discharges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRMEJdmi ... annel_page

A Reversing Hot and Cold Machine
http://books.google.com/books?id=Dy0DAA ... er&f=false

[seasmith]

~
Solar,

This Peltier Effect has been linked with "Cold Electricity" or "Negative Electricity" i.e. the "holes" mentioned in an earlier reference ala Dirac's "sea of negative energy"..

Those "holes" , that only appear electronically when EM/ES charge is physically separated, i suspect is omnipresent on an aetheric level, like back-to-front.

http://books.google.com/books?id=Dy0DAA ... er&f=false


I really enjoyed that 1958 Popular Science edition you linked. For example the
"Man Made Aurora" (Terrella-like) on page 140.

Science was wide open then...
s

[Solar]

I really enjoyed that 1958 Popular Science edition you linked. For example the
"Man Made Aurora" (Terrella-like) on page 140.

Science was wide open then...
s

Agreed. I'd really like to get my hands on some of the even earlier electronics information such as the aptly named The Electrical Experimenter magazine which can be had had at PV Scientific Instruments. The entire page there regards the development of things electrical before got theoretical physicist got a hold of electricity. It was still in the hands of the experimenters where it belongs then and more of the now "anomalous" (to theory) aspects of electrical forces were being worked with and accentuated as opposed to eliminated and filtered out of electrical systems. It was solid state, analog, copper and wood primarily (I still don't like digital meters). I'll get around to collecting and reading some of the material on that page eventually.

Concerning Graphene:

As a crystal, two-dimensional graphene is quite dissimilar from three-dimensional materials such as silicon. In semiconductors and other materials, charge carriers (electrons and oppositely charged “holes”) interact with the periodic field of the atomic lattice to form quasiparticles (excitations that act like actual particles). But quasiparticles in graphene do not look anything like an ordinary semiconductor’s.

The energy of quasiparticles in a solid depends on their momentum, a relationship described by energy bands. In a typical 3-D semiconductor, the energy bands are “parabolic” — a graph of the lower, filled valence band resembles a stalagmite, more or less flat on top, while the upper, empty conduction band is its opposite, a stalactite, more or less flat on the bottom; between them is the open band gap, representing the amount of energy it takes to boost an electron from the valence band to the conduction band.- The Surprising Electronics of Graphene

With the application of voltage I can't help but wonder if the "excitations", the need to posit Dirac Points to try and explain it, and the "transport problem" aren't simply due to the constriction of "charge" to such a remarkably thin region - such as inducing the 'flow' of an 'electron pressure gradient' through a 'hose' too small to 'carry' the normal 'relaxed' state of the electric potential.

On the other hand, at that scale, it seems that one would have Casimir Effects being relatively 'forced' to 'excite' electrons because the lattice array of the atoms are held firm by the structured nature of the graphene and the fact that the graphene is stationary. You know what I'd like to see: two neutral graphene sheets suspended and slowly brought close together until Casimir Effect kicks in; but do this in a Faraday Cage with the graphene sheets suspended by insulators, near absolute zero, in a "vacuum."

The other interesting thing here is thatsome of these notions made me ponder the dismissal of the Aether when the nature of graphene, and the Casimir Effect on plates has been accredited with "negative mass" (Dirac) resulting in the Aether and some of its perceptible activities being obfscated with a new name under the guise of "quantum fluctuations" etc. I'm beginning to think that the type of Aether that was dismissed was instead specifically the one theorized and characterized as being 'static' or 'stationary' which of course the Aether isn't. It is dynamical, in 'motion', and confers 'motion' ("excitations").

[seasmith]

Solar wrote:

You know what I'd like to see: two neutral graphene sheets suspended and slowly brought close together until Casimir Effect kicks in; but do this in a Faraday Cage with the graphene sheets suspended by insulators, near absolute zero, in a "vacuum.

Nice

---'forced' to 'excite' electrons because the lattice array of the atoms are held firm by the structured nature of the graphene... stationary.

But then it is a "forced" structure as well, non ?



s~

[seasmith]

@
Electron Motion



Posted: Jul 14th, 2011
Comprehensive overview of electronic transport in graphene
(Nanowerk News) Researchers from the University of Maryland and the CNST's Shaffique Adam have recently published a detailed review of the electronic transport properties of two-dimensional graphene.
In the Reviews of Modern Physics article ("Face-selective electrostatic control of hydrothermal zinc oxide nanowire synthesis"), the collaborators compare the electronic transport properties of graphene to other two-dimensional materials such as semiconductor heterostructures, quantum wells, and inversion layers.
They detail how, after adjusting for doped graphene's gapless, massless, chiral Dirac spectrum, the mechanisms for its electron motion, including its density and temperature-dependent carrier transport, are similar to these other, more conventional, materials.
Graphene, however, has unique transport regimes, including a robust metallic state at vanishing carrier density and unusual quantum motion that appears when it is configured in short ballistic devices. The 64 page article, which has 38 figures and 473 references, provides a comprehensive review of recent experiments and theory, and has been well-received.
Although published in May 2011, a preprint of the article posted online in March 2010 has received over 60 citations, making it among the most cited graphene papers of the year.

...and from the misbegotten link included:

by fabricating an all-inorganic light-emitting diode in a polymeric microfluidic manifold. Our findings indicate that electrostatic interactions in aqueous crystal growth may be systematically manipulated to synthesize nanostructures and devices with enhanced structural control.
Source: NIST/Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST


Real science, but still plenty dark mysteries ~ "quantum wells" and "unusual quantum (couldn't quantify) motion ...".


s