I have been struggling to get this model to work properly and some issues remain:
1. Sunspot activity peaks every 11 years.
2. Solar polar fields reverse every 11 years but the north geographic pole returns to a north magnetic alignment every 22 years.
See the following graphs:
For this model to work, the photosphere's "capacitor" or "transistor" must charge in one direction and discharge to neutral over 11 years, then the "capacitor" must charge in the reverse direction and discharge to neutral over the next 11 years. The "charging" phase of the capacitor must coincide with low sunspot activity while the discharging coincides with higher solar activity.
As previously described, charging of the photosphere in one direction will gradually produce a north magnetic pole at the north geographic pole of the sun. Charging in reverse will produce a south magnetic pole at the north geographic pole of the sun.
I have to admit that creating a simplified solar model has been difficult. There is a rather complex interaction of charges and current flows that occur. The balance and movement of these charges determine the direction of the sun's magnetic field and the polarity of its poles.
With this "very tentative" hypothetical model, during the 11 year cycle that creates a north magnetic field at the north geographic pole we would have the following electron flows and charge distributions:
1. Valance electrons in both the negatively charged region under the photosphere and the positively charged region of the chromosphere will will flow in the opposite direction of the sun's rotation.
2. Negative ions beneath the photosphere will be rotating with other atoms in the same direction of the sun's rotation. The positive ions outside the photosphere will also be rotating in the direction of the sun's rotation.
During the following 11-year cycle that creates a south magnetic field at the north geographic pole we would have the following electron flows and charge distributions:
1. Valence electrons both outside and underneath the photosphere would continue to flow in the opposite direction of the sun's rotation.
2. Some positive ions would now build up under the photosphere and negative ions would build up outside the photosphere.
To be honest, I have my doubts whether this model could work. Reversal of the charges under the photosphere from negative to positive should theoretically reduce the electron flow from inside the sun through the photosphere to the chromosphere. It would be similar to reducing the bias of a transistor or vacuum tube. Theoretically this would produce a solar minimum but scientific data shows that this period of hypothetical reverse charging also produces high sunspot activity.
To simplify these complex interactions, we must determine the net magnitude and velocity of the sun's overall charges. The photosphere charging circuits described above will change the balance of charges beneath and just outside the photosphere. These charging processes will serve to separate the charges of the sun.
The sun rotates counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole. The equator has the greatest velocity of the sun. Using the right hand rule, we can wrap our right hand's fingers around the equator of the sun and point our thumb in the direction of equatorial rotation. If the sun had a net positive rotating charge, our fingers would indicate the direction of the magnetic field lines, indicating a north magnetic pole at the north geographic pole. If, on the other hand, the sun had a net negative rotating charge, our fingers would show an incorrect direction for the magnetic field lines.
Let us look at 2 scenarios.
Scenario 1: In year 2020, the stored solar charge in the photosphere's hypothetical capacitor was at maximum capacity. Solar minimum was concluding and solar maximum was starting. The north geographic pole was consistent with the north magnetic pole of a bar magnet. Using the right hand rule described above, we determine that our fingers correctly determine the magnetic field line direction (fingers point north to south). This tells us that the net rotating charges of the sun were positive. With the photosphere's capacitor fully charged, there was maximal charge separation with the negatively charged area on the inside of the photosphere and the positively charged area on the outside. Since the outer layers of the sun travel faster than the inner layers, they have more effect on the "unipolar inductor" or "generator-like effect of the sun. With the charges maximally separated, the outer positive layer predominated and created a northern magnetic field at the north geographic pole.
Scenario 2: In year 2010, the hypothetical solar "capacitor" was fully charged but in the reverse direction as in 2020 as described above. We were experiencing another solar minimum, similar to in 2020. With our hypothetical photospheric capacitor now fully charged in the reverse direction, we see an opposite magnetic polar alignment. The north geographic pole was consistent with the south pole of a bar magnet according to scientific data collected. Using the right hand rule described above, we determine that our fingers point in the opposite direction of the field lines. This tells us that the rotating charges of the sun had a net negative charge overall. With the sun's "capacitor" reversely charged, the charge separation in the sun was reversed. The outer layers of the sun developed some negative charges above the photospheric "capacitor" while developing some positive charges beneath. This tells us that in the sun's reverse charged state, it has a fairly strong overall negative charge. The outer sun's regions would continue to have an overall positive charge but the negative charges just above the photospheric "capacitor" have lesssened the overall positive charge of the chromosphere. The faster rotation of the outer positive region was not enough to overcome the sun's overall negative charge.
As I have been describing, modeling the sun's electrical behavior is extremely complex. I have to commend Scott and Thornhill for their attempts to create solar models but I feel this subject was just too complex to tackle for individuals without help from a team of scientists and better access to data. I do think Scott and Thornhill's models helped to point us in the right direction though. I have not given up on Thornhill's suggestion of a solar "transistor" effect but I will have to do more research.
I have been struggling to get this model to work properly and some issues remain:
1. Sunspot activity peaks every 11 years.
2. Solar polar fields reverse every 11 years but the north geographic pole returns to a north magnetic alignment every 22 years.
See the following graphs:
[img]https://i.postimg.cc/dQn5VmQm/solar-polar-field-strength-north-vs-sunspots.jpg[/img]
For this model to work, the photosphere's "capacitor" or "transistor" must charge in one direction and discharge to neutral over 11 years, then the "capacitor" must charge in the reverse direction and discharge to neutral over the next 11 years. The "charging" phase of the capacitor must coincide with low sunspot activity while the discharging coincides with higher solar activity.
As previously described, charging of the photosphere in one direction will gradually produce a north magnetic pole at the north geographic pole of the sun. Charging in reverse will produce a south magnetic pole at the north geographic pole of the sun.
I have to admit that creating a simplified solar model has been difficult. There is a rather complex interaction of charges and current flows that occur. The balance and movement of these charges determine the direction of the sun's magnetic field and the polarity of its poles.
With this "very tentative" hypothetical model, during the 11 year cycle that creates a north magnetic field at the north geographic pole we would have the following electron flows and charge distributions:
1. Valance electrons in both the negatively charged region under the photosphere and the positively charged region of the chromosphere will will flow in the opposite direction of the sun's rotation.
2. Negative ions beneath the photosphere will be rotating with other atoms in the same direction of the sun's rotation. The positive ions outside the photosphere will also be rotating in the direction of the sun's rotation.
[img]https://i.postimg.cc/1XgMvnfq/sun-rotating-with-charges.png[/img]
During the following 11-year cycle that creates a south magnetic field at the north geographic pole we would have the following electron flows and charge distributions:
1. Valence electrons both outside and underneath the photosphere would continue to flow in the opposite direction of the sun's rotation.
2. Some positive ions would now build up under the photosphere and negative ions would build up outside the photosphere.
[img]https://i.postimg.cc/SKd0xGFC/sun-rotating-with-charges-negative-bias.png[/img]
To be honest, I have my doubts whether this model could work. Reversal of the charges under the photosphere from negative to positive should theoretically reduce the electron flow from inside the sun through the photosphere to the chromosphere. It would be similar to reducing the bias of a transistor or vacuum tube. Theoretically this would produce a solar minimum but scientific data shows that this period of hypothetical reverse charging also produces high sunspot activity.
To simplify these complex interactions, we must determine the net magnitude and velocity of the sun's overall charges. The photosphere charging circuits described above will change the balance of charges beneath and just outside the photosphere. These charging processes will serve to separate the charges of the sun.
The sun rotates counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole. The equator has the greatest velocity of the sun. Using the right hand rule, we can wrap our right hand's fingers around the equator of the sun and point our thumb in the direction of equatorial rotation. If the sun had a net positive rotating charge, our fingers would indicate the direction of the magnetic field lines, indicating a north magnetic pole at the north geographic pole. If, on the other hand, the sun had a net negative rotating charge, our fingers would show an incorrect direction for the magnetic field lines.
[img]https://i.postimg.cc/wM1jCQTc/sun-rotating-with-right-hand-rule.jpg[/img]
Let us look at 2 scenarios.
Scenario 1: In year 2020, the stored solar charge in the photosphere's hypothetical capacitor was at maximum capacity. Solar minimum was concluding and solar maximum was starting. The north geographic pole was consistent with the north magnetic pole of a bar magnet. Using the right hand rule described above, we determine that our fingers correctly determine the magnetic field line direction (fingers point north to south). This tells us that the net rotating charges of the sun were positive. With the photosphere's capacitor fully charged, there was maximal charge separation with the negatively charged area on the inside of the photosphere and the positively charged area on the outside. Since the outer layers of the sun travel faster than the inner layers, they have more effect on the "unipolar inductor" or "generator-like effect of the sun. With the charges maximally separated, the outer positive layer predominated and created a northern magnetic field at the north geographic pole.
Scenario 2: In year 2010, the hypothetical solar "capacitor" was fully charged but in the reverse direction as in 2020 as described above. We were experiencing another solar minimum, similar to in 2020. With our hypothetical photospheric capacitor now fully charged in the reverse direction, we see an opposite magnetic polar alignment. The north geographic pole was consistent with the south pole of a bar magnet according to scientific data collected. Using the right hand rule described above, we determine that our fingers point in the opposite direction of the field lines. This tells us that the rotating charges of the sun had a net negative charge overall. With the sun's "capacitor" reversely charged, the charge separation in the sun was reversed. The outer layers of the sun developed some negative charges above the photospheric "capacitor" while developing some positive charges beneath. This tells us that in the sun's reverse charged state, it has a fairly strong overall negative charge. The outer sun's regions would continue to have an overall positive charge but the negative charges just above the photospheric "capacitor" have lesssened the overall positive charge of the chromosphere. The faster rotation of the outer positive region was not enough to overcome the sun's overall negative charge.
As I have been describing, modeling the sun's electrical behavior is extremely complex. I have to commend Scott and Thornhill for their attempts to create solar models but I feel this subject was just too complex to tackle for individuals without help from a team of scientists and better access to data. I do think Scott and Thornhill's models helped to point us in the right direction though. I have not given up on Thornhill's suggestion of a solar "transistor" effect but I will have to do more research.