[What is ‘Tunneling’?]
[ see also:The quality of its crystal lattice is also respon-
sible for the remarkably high electrical conductivity
of graphene. Its electrons can travel without
being scattered off course by lattice imperfections
and foreign atoms. Even the jostling
from the surrounding carbon atoms, which electrons
in graphene must endure at room temperature,
is relatively small because of the high
strength of the interatomic bonds.
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snow ... /class.htm
http://www.johnrausch.com/PuzzlingWorld/chap08.htm
and the ever excellent Zometool
http://www.johnrausch.com/PuzzlingWorld/chap08.htm]
…Indeed, the
electrons in graphene—perhaps “electric charge
carriers” is a more appropriate term—are curious
creatures that live in the weird world where
rules analogous to those of relativistic quantum
mechanics play…
After traveling readily through the
odd, antiworld valley of the barrier, the antiparticles
convert back into particles at the other side
and emerge unimpeded.…
As electrons travel through the chicken-wire
web of carbon atoms in graphene, they, too, act
as if they were a kind of quasiparticle. Astonishingly,
however, the charge-carrying quasiparticle
in graphene does not act much like an electron.
[ HEREITCOMES, sea]
In the ordinary quantum-mechanical picture, an electron acts in some
contexts like a wave that spreads out in space. The wave represents, roughly,
the probability of finding the electron at a particular point in space and time.
[/quote]When a high-speed electron wave in graphene (orange wave in 3a)
comes to a potential-energy barrier, QED makes an even more startling
prediction: the electron wave will subsequently be found on the far side of
an energy barrier with 100 percent probability (3b).
In fact, its closest analogue is another
elementary particle, the nearly massless neutrino.
Of course, the neutrino, in accord with its
name, is electrically neutral (in Italian, neutrino
means “little neutral one”), whereas the quasiparticle
in graphene carries the same electric
charge as the electron. But because the neutrino
travels at nearly the speed of light, no matter
what its energy or momentum, it must be described
in terms of the theory of relativity. Similarly,
a quasiparticle in graphene always moves
at a high constant speed, albeit about 300 times
slower than the speed of light. In spite of its
scaled-down speed, its behavior closely parallels
the relativistic behavior of the neutrino.
"Particles from “Nothing”"
[ shades of co-generating vortices / zero-point yada-yada]A
particle-antiparticle pair can appear under relativistic
conditions because it costs little energy
for an extremely fast-moving, high-energy
object to create a pair of “virtual particles.Oddly, the pair emerges directly from nothing—from the vacuum.
[These folks may be closet EU heads !! ]Consequently, on extremely
short timescales, energy can take on almost
any value.
For example, a virtual electron and a
virtual positron can suddenly pop into existence
by “borrowing” energy from the vacuum,[ ??? ]
provided the lifetimes of the virtual particles
are so short that the energy deficit is paid back
before it can be detected.
…………………………
~ What’s really happening here?The Klein paradox…
After traveling readily through the
odd, antiworld valley of the barrier, the antiparticles
convert back into particles at the other side
and emerge unimpeded.
Is there really a barrier, other than our current dimension-bound sense and sensors?
Rather than ‘term-limiting’ the concepts of:
The time-metered-motion of energy as snapshot of “standing wave” virtual “particles”;
in contradiction to eternally propagating and fractalating wave-like emanations.
Might graphine-like, crystalline, nearinstantaneous Resonance~ be a more comprehensive conceptual grasp?
~More grant $, please…In graphene,
the Klein paradox becomes a routine effect
with readily observable consequences. As
charge-carrying, massless Dirac quasiparticles
move within a graphene crystal across which a
voltage, or potential-energy difference, has been
applied, experimenters can measure the material’s
electrical conductivity.
{ADD LINK]
http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/Publicat ... m_2008.pdf~
SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTORS